探索 “英语中的定语从句”
四川省中江县回龙中学：喻义学
英语中的定语从句是一个比较重要而复杂的语法现象，对很学生来说，是较难掌握的。为了让学生更好地掌握英语中的定语从句，在此，本人对定语从句作如下的讲解分析：
在英语的复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
如，1）Lucy likes music that she can dance to.
2）He said he could’t understand people who talk last.
3）I don’t like anybody that tell lies.
上面句子中的music,people和anybody是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词后面。that和who是引导定语从句的词，叫引导词。引导词常放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。引导词有关系代词that,which,who（宾格whom,所有格whose）和关系副词when,where,why。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一 限制性定语从句【在整个句子中不可省，若省去了定语从句，整个句子的意思就不完整】
1， 当先行词是物或人时，并且在定语从句中作主语，引导词用that[先行词是人时，也可用who,先行词是物时，也可用which],从句中的谓语动词应以先行词在人称和数上保持一致。定语从句中的谓语动词时态与主句中的谓语动词时态可不保持一致。
如，1）He will do something that/which makes you angry.
2）This is the man who/that helped me.
3）The little boy is looking for the cat that/which is in the big tree.
4I love singers who/that write their own music.
2， 当先行词是物或人时，并且在定语从句中作宾语，引导词指物的用that或which,若先行词之后有介词时，引导词只能用which。指人的用whom.或that,若先行词之后有介词，引导词只能用whom。
如，1）We can choose something that/which we like.
2）The boy whom/that you saw yesterday is Xiao Ming’s brother.
3）The person to whom you just talked is Gine.
4）The dictionary for which you was looking the day before yesterday is mine.
说明：当先行词是物或人时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物的常用that或which，指人的常用who或whom。
3， whose[谁的]在定语从句中作定语。
如，Do you know the man whose name is Yu Yixue？
He loved the pretty girl whose home was at the beautiful village.
4， 当先行词是时间或地点时，并且在定语从句中作状语，引导词指时间的用when,指地点的用where。若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，引导词均用that。
如，1）I will never the day when I met Mr Yu.
2）This is the wonderful festival that she told me.
3）Huilong middle School is the school where I taught twenty years ago.
4）That is the village that we visited last year.
5， 当先行词是reason时，引导词用why。
如，I know the reason why Wang Haiqian came late yesterday.
以下三种情况定语从句的引导词用that。
1】 先行词受到形容词的最高级，序数词修饰时。
如，Chaozhong is one of the most villages that I’ve already visited.
The fifth lesson that I learned will be forgotten.
2】 先行词受到all,little,much,the only,the last修饰时。
如，1）All that we have to do is to practice spoken English every day.
2）The little boy that you met is my uncle’s son.
3）I have too much work that I want to do.
4）He is the only person that we want to talk to.
5）They were the last students that had been to Beijing in 1964.
3】 先行词受到no,some,any,every,以及nobody,nothing,somebody,something,
anybody,anything等修饰时。
如，1）.There are some trees that were planted in the desert last year.
2）.Is there anybody that can finish the task？
3）.The teacher saw nobody that was reading English aloud in class at 8;00 last morning,so he was very angry.
3】 先行词具有物，又有人时。
如，They talked about things and persons that they remenbered in the school.
4】 在主句中已经有who,which,what时。
如，1）Who can find out the the problem that is a little difficult？
2） Which hat that is red or yellow can you choose？
3）What are the girls that wear red skirts and green pants doing？They are dancing.
二 非限制性定语从句的引导词，指物的只能用which，而不用that。指人的可用who,[whom作宾语]。【非限制性定语从句是对主句中的先行词作补充说明，没有它，整个句子的意思仍然完整】。
如，1）.I have two sisters,who are both university studendts.
2）.I have lost the pen ,which I like very much.
3）.Yesterday I met Li Pin,who seemed to be very busy.
三 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别，通常限制性定语从句中的先行词与引导之间不用逗号分开，而非限制性定语从句中的先行词与引导词之间要用逗号分开。
特别说明：
【1】 在英语中，含有定语从句的复合句可以改写成两个简单句，通常用先行词或人称代词来替代引导词。
如，1）There are some trees that were planted in the desert last year.可以改写成下面两个简单句：
There are some trees in the desert.The trees were planted last year.
2）I have two sisters,who are both university students.可改为这样两个简单句：
I have two sisters.They are both university students.
【2】 在限制性定语从句中，当引导词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，绝大多数的引导词用that。而that在定语从句中作宾语时，绝大多数可省去不写。
如，1）He is a man（that）you can safely depend on.
2）（Is there）Anything（that）I can do for you？
3）You can take any room（that）you like.
在某些句型中,that虽然在定语从句中作主语，有时也可能省略掉。
如，1）There is a university student（that）lives in that village.
2）There’s something（that）keeps worrying the old woman. |
